American English File Second Edition retains the popular methodology developed by world-renowned authors Christina Latham-Koenig and Clive Oxenden: language + motivation = opportunity. With grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation practice in every lesson, students are equipped with a solid foundation for successful speaking. Plus - an array of digital resources provides even more choice and flexibility. Students can learn in the classroom or on the move with Online Practice. language assessment. The first goal is to explore the differencebetween fairness and justice in language assessment. Theauthors distinguish internal and external dimensions of theequitable and just treatment of individuals taking languagetests which are used as gatekeeping devices to determineaccess to education and employment, immigrant status,citizenship, and other rights. The second goal is to show howthe extent of test fairness can be demonstrated and improvedusing the tools of psychometrics, in particular the modelscollectively known as Rasch measurement. "e;This book will have an enormous impact on the field oflanguage assessment. Using Rasch analysis models toexplore and identify sources of unfairness, the authorsmake a compelling case for fairness in the design andimplementation of language assessment instruments andfor justice in the interpretation and use of test results. A real strength of the book is that it guides readers throughanalytical techniques in an accessible way."e;Dan Douglas, Professor Emeritus, Applied Linguistics Program,Iowa State University.