Ryan C. Black is Professor of Political Science at Michigan State University and a faculty affiliate with the Michigan State University College of Law. He studies judicial politics in the U.S. with a focus on decision making in the U.S. Supreme Court, and the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Ryan J. Owens is Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Owens studies law and courts and American political institutions. His work analyzes the United States Supreme Court, the United States Courts of Appeals, legal institutions, and judicial behavior. Patrick C. Wohlfarth is Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park. His research focuses on law and courts in the United States, including executive branch litigation, external influences on judicial behavior, and interinstitutional politics.