In the post-9/11 era the relations between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Europe have changed significantly. Global events have contributed to the reshaping of religious and cultural, in particular Muslim, representations and arenas. Much of Europe's future depends on how it deals with the emerging new ideals and realities with respect to religion and the challenges of Islam in Europe. The idea of cultural exchange based on tolerance has lost its magical aura. Volume 6 of the Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam presents a variety of discussions and case studies from different European countries related to how Muslims are responding to this situation, how they and Muslim representation change, and how cultural and public negotiation is involved in shaping new perceptions of Islam and Europe.